This volume of the book `India and Pakistan: Social, Political and Military Perspectives' is a modest attempt to look into the historical perspective, ups and downs and further directions of the Societies of India and Pakistan. For centuries and till the recent past both inherited the same social and cultural segments despite having separate identity communally and religiously. As a result of a mutual hatred fuelled by the British Policy of divide and rule both had parted the way in 1947 claiming to make their destinies themselves. In post-Independence era they both have nourished their social development, political system and modern orientations unmatched to each other. Opposite direction of social composition and the form of government prevalent in New Delhi and Islamabad had made the Problem of Jammu and Kashmir a difficult and complicated one, if not impossible. Amity between the two is the only pathological way, failing which no lasting peace is possible.